Mucha Is a Powerful Executive Essay - 563 Words

Mary Doe is the Vice President, Chief Communications Officer, responsible for global communications at The Walt Disney Company, which includes acting as chief spokesperson and overseeing communication strategy and media relations for the company, its business segments and its philanthropic and environmental initiatives. Prior to join The Walt Disney, Mary Doe served as a communications director to the New York State Governor George Pataki and for the United States Senator Alfonse D’Amato. A member of the Arthur Page Society and The Seminar, in 2012 Ms. Mary Doe received the prestigious Matrix Award from New York Women in Communications, Inc. Also, named as one of the 100 Most Important In-House Communicators in the World by The Holmes†¦show more content†¦Under her directions, all executives were pushed to challenge all-comers and scrapped the posture in which queries were often dismissed with a flat â€Å"no comment† response. She was quick on unleashing her â€Å"inner pit bull† on critics and reporters ((Disney Case Study – Corporate Spokesperson, â€Å"2004, Running Disney’s Word Machine,† Page 9). She even went against the proxy advisor glass, Lewis Co by publicly stating it as â€Å"an upstart company that is trying to grab publicity.† She is tough even with the top management at Disney and known for difficult relationship with Fred Dicker, a New York Post Editor who described her as the â€Å"Jack Kevorkian of Public Information.†(Disney Case Study – Corporate Spokesperson, â€Å"2004, Running Disney’s Word Machine,† Page 10.) No doubt she is a successful professional and a powerful woman who has created some enemies along the way such as the journalist who may not have adored Mary Doe throughout the way. In my opinion, her approach is effective to keep Disney out of negative publicity as Disney is still considered as the best-known companies in the world. Her experience has saved the company during crisis management and has helped theShow MoreRelatedDisney Company s Operations And Board Of Directors3617 Words   |  15 Pagesbillion (Mucha Singer, 2013). In 2013, this segment comprised approximately 45% of revenues and 64% of income. In fiscal years 2014 and 2013, revenues and income for the Media Networks segment increased 4% and 7%, respectively (Mucha Singer, 2014). Additionally, according to the first quarter segment operating results for fiscal 2015 and 2014, the data illustrate that the Media Networks revenues for the quarter increased 11% to around $5.9 billion and income increased 3% to $1.5 b illion (Mucha SingerRead MoreWho Made Rizal Our Foremost National Hero, and Why?5235 Words   |  21 Pagessocieties, trade names that bear his name; in the number of persons, both Filipinos foreigners, who were named Rizal or Rizalina because of their parents’ admiration for the Great Malayan; in the number of laws, Executive Orders Proclamations of the Chief Executive, bulletins, memoranda, circulars of both the bureaus of public private schools. Who is the Filipino writer thinker whose teachings noble thoughts have been frequently invoked quoted by authors public speakersRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesacquiring control over the levels of state power. Property no more rules, even indirectly, these days. Nor does labour in the †peasant and workers† states. It is the â€Å"knowledge† group comprising not only politicians and bureaucrats but also business executives, company directors, factory mangers, scientists eng ineers, technocrats, bankers, journalists, intellectuals lawyers, doctors, teachers and many other belonging to liberal profession and â€Å"services† sector, that does so. That group or class constitutes

Transformational Leadership In Health Care â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Transformational Leadership In Health Care? Answer: Introduction Leadership contributes to the successful growth of the organisation. The challenges opportunities are managed with the able leadership of the organisation. The leadership also contributes to the growth of the human resources of the organisation. The enhancement of skill, the growth of the culture of the organisation consistent learning is possible with the able leadership. It is a fact that the growth of the organisation depends on the vital contribution of the leaders the followers of it. The strategies of the management for the growth of the organisation are successfully implemented with the help of leaders and their ability to lead the people of the organisation. There are different styles of leadership used by the leaders to bring effective work environment. Concept and theories of leadership There are different theories of leadership that focus on the traits and attributes for a leader to become successful. Theory of Great Man states that leadership traits are intrinsic. The leaders are born leaders. A true leader rises when he or she confronts the correct situation. Trait theory of leadership focuses on the qualities of the leadership like intelligence, responsibilities, creativity values(Barr Dowding, 2016). The theory makes an analysis of the mental, physical social traits of the leader. The Behavioural theory focuses on the behaviour of the leader. It studies how a leader is able to behave when he or she deals with the task the people in an organisation. Contingency theory of leadership advocates that there are different ways to lead the people and these ways are based on the situation. The effects of the leader are found when the leader takes decisions differently in different situations. Transactional leadership theory advocates that there is always a need of developing a mutual reinforcing atmosphere. The focus of the theory is on the beneficial relationship between the leaders the followers(Drucker, 2014). The theory advocates that a leader follows both reward and punishment to manage the people in the organisation. The transformational leadership style advocates that the leader sets an example and motivates followers. The leader interacts with people in the organisation and leads them to work successfully. Style, attribute behaviour of different leadership style It is very important to define the importance of the effective leadership. The effective leadership does not focus on holding the authority in the organisation. A true leader always makes an assessment of all the works and the decision that he or she takes in the course of his or her work(Drucker, 2017). It is very important for a leader to see that the decisions taken by him or her are aligned with the objectives of the organisation. For the successful growth of the leadership, it is always important for a person to have a good personality. A good leader interacts with the followers of the organisation and the manner of interacting with the followers also determines the ability of an individual to lead the team(Fassin, et al., 2011). People from different thinking, cultures and well managed by a good leader. The leader becomes very creative and manages the people with appropriate ability in order to become successful in the workplace. An autocratic leader wants the followers to work as per the instruction is given to them. The autocratic leader wants to manage the employees of the organisation as per the decision made by him or her. The leader makes the people follow him or her and does not allow the employees to make an opinion on his style of decision-making. A democratic leader is different from an autocratic leader. The leader allows the followers to take part in the decision-making process and contributes to their opinion and skills. The contribution of the employees is found in the strategic development of the organisation. A transactional leader leads the people of the organisation through his or her involvement in the activities of the organisation. The leader follows reward and punishment policy to motivate people to work in the workplace. The transformational leader is an inspirational leader and the leader sets the example before the followers to get motivated. The employees of the organisation are inspired by the leader. The employees get motivated and the transformational leader develops the ability of the people in the organisation. The transformational leader becomes visionary, good in communication, responsible, competent and has the problem-solving ability. The leader believes in self-esteem and discipline(Gentile, 2012). The empathy skill of the leader enhances values of the team performance. The goals of the organisation are achieved when the transformational leader leads the people in the correct direction. Importance of leadership qualities for managers The leader possess different qualities and these qualities help the leader to lead people in the correct direction for the fulfilment of the goals and objectives of the organisation(Gellis, 2001). The following are the different qualities that are used by the leader of the organisation to manage the challenges and opportunities to achieve the strategic objectives of the organisation. Vision The leader of an organisation is a man of vision. The vision of the organisation is set by the leader aligning his or her vision. The strategy that has been formulated by the leader is followed by the people in the organisation(Hughes Wearing, 2007). The most important activities of a leader are to communicate the strategic plan to the people in the organisation so that people remain aware of that. Good Communication skill A good leader communicates with the people appropriately. The people of the organisation are communicated the aim of the organisation and the ways the people should work to achieve the goals of the organisation(Luu, et al., 2008). The communication helps the people to get motivated and to use their skills for the development of the organisation. Motivation Motivating people in the correct direction is an ability of the leader. The leader sometimes takes the help of reward and punishment to motivate the people to perform their duties and responsibilities. The people perform well when they are motivated well. Interpersonal skill The leader of the organisation always tries to build cooperation and coordination among the people of the organisation. The leader tries to establish the healthy relationship among the employees. The people perform well when they work together as a team. Thus developing interpersonal skill is an important quality of the leader. Problem-solving quality The leader possesses problem-solving attitude. In the organisation, we come across many types of issues and problems. These issues are required to be solved unless the success of the organisation is not possible. The leader manages the issues with his problem-solving skills. Decision-making ability A good leader is a good decision maker. The leader takes an appropriate decision at the time of need. The leader involves people in the organisation to contribute their skills and experiences(Sanborn, 2016). The aim of the leader is to take the good decision so that the goals of the organisation will be achieved. Application of leadership in practice in teams in an organisation The leader of the organisation should be very sensible and sensitive. The development of a team and the performance of the team depend on the way leader lead the people. The leader knows the ability of the team members and encourages them to perform best of their abilities.The leader leads a team like a transformational leader. The leader builds trust and friendship among the people so that the team will work effectively(Velsor, et al., 2010). The leader remains very transparent and takes the decision as per the need of the organisation. The leader focuses on the best utilisation of the skills and experience of the team members. The leader knows that the combined efforts of the people in the organisation can only bring success in the organisation. The team building attitude is very important for the leader. The leader of the organisation always focuses on establishing the good culture in the organisation. The leader establishes the culture of the organisation that aligns with the set of beliefs, values and faith of the people in the organisation. The employees of the organisation accept the culture of the organisation when they feel that the culture of the organisation helps them to work independently and they have the freedom to use their skills and expertise in the workplace(Luu, et al., 2008). It is important for the leader of the organisation to focuses on good culture for the organisation. The practice of good leadership is found in the organisation when the leader of the organisation acts sensibly during the change in the organisation. The strategic plan is formulated by the organisation and the plan is changed as per the organisation needs. The people in the organisation do not accept the change if they are not satisfied with the change initiative. They need to know the cause of the change and how the change will contribute to the growth of the organisation(Reich, 2000). The leader of the organisation uses the skills to motivate people. The leader makes the people know the need of the change for the growth of the organisation. This motivates people to accept the change. Assessment of my leadership skills and the areas I need to improve I have earned that a good leader works on a certain philosophy. The leader follows the philosophy and works effectively. I understand that a leader requires knowing the different leadership styles so that he or she can use them in different situations. As a leader I understand that I will behave like a democratic leader, a visionary leader, a transaction leader or a transformational leader and all these styles will be used as per the demand of the situation. I understand that I need to be a transformational leader as it is very important to manage people in different situations. The complex situations will be easily handled by me if I develop my problem-solving ability. I will be able to take the appropriate decision when I will know understand the perceptions and expectations of the people in the organisation. A true leader should also motivate the employees by fulfilling their individual needs. A satisfied worker gives his or her complete efforts for the growth of the organisation. Thus as a leader, I must try to satisfy my fellow workers so that the objectives of my organisation will be accomplished. As a student, I have learnt about the need of developing leadership skills to manage people in the organisation. The knowledge I get about the leadership skills will be helpful to utilise in the working place. It is also very important to know how to manage the people in the diverse culture. I have learnt that I need to be very empathetic to my followers and I will try to motivate people to achieve their goals. The areas I feel very important for me to develop are the development of the interpersonal skills, decision-making skills and problem-solving skills. All these three skills are very important for the leader of the organisation. I will develop all these qualities in order become a successful leader. Conclusion Leadership is an ability to inspire the people to work for the achievement of the goals of the organisation. A true leader motivates people to work and contribute their expertise to the development of the organisation. The appropriate decision of the leader keeps the people work without any worries and anxiety. The good culture also helps the employees to be very productive in the workplace. The problem-solving attitudes and interpersonal skills are very important for the leader. I understand that in order to be very successful in my workplace as a leader I need to develop my skills and should know how and where I should use the different styles of leadership. I must act like a visionary leader and lead the people in the correct direction. I will focus on establishing good work culture among the team members and motivate all to work collectively. This will help me to be a successful leader. References Barr, J. Dowding, L., 2016. Leadership in Health Care, 3rd Edition. London: SAGE Publication. Drucker, P., 2014. Leadership vs. Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Leadership_vs_Management [Accessed 21 09 2017]. Drucker, P., 2017. Managerial Point of view. [Online] Available at: http;//solaas.com.ar/harald/en/liderazgo2 [Accessed 21 09 2017]. Fassin, Y., Van, R. A. Buelens, M., 2011. Small business owner-managers perceptions of business ethics and CSR-related concepts. J Bus Ethics, 98(3), pp. 425-453. Gellis, Z. D., 2001. Social work perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership in health care. Social Work Research, vol.25. no. 1, pp. 17-25. Gentile, M. C., 2012. Values-driven leadership development: Where we have been and where we could could go. Organisation management Journal, pp. 188-196. Hughes, M. Wearing, M., 2007. Organsiations and Management in Socila Work. Los Angels: sage. Kouzes, J. Posner, B., 2008. The Leadership Challenge: The Leadership Practcies Inventory. San Francisco: CA: Jossey- Bass. Luu, V. T., Kim, S. Y. Huynh, T. A., 2008. Improving project management performance of large contractors using. International Journal of Project Management,, 256(7), pp. 758-769. Mintzberg, H., 2009. Managing. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Qureshi, T. M. Warraich, A. S., 2009. Significance of project management performance assessment. International Journal of Project Management, Volume 27, pp. 378-388. Reich, R., 2000. The future of sucess: Working and living in the new economy. New York: Alfred Knopf. Sanborn, M., 2016. 9 Difference Between Managers and Leaders. [Online] Available at: https://www.marksanborn.com/blog/9-differences-between-managers-and-leaders/# [Accessed 21 09 2017]. Velsor, V., McCuley Ruderman, 2010. Developing of Leaders. In: The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development. San Francisco,: Jossey Bass.

Swarovski vs. Pandora Marketing Essay Example

Swarovski vs. Pandora Marketing Paper Marketing Communications Home Assignment 2 Written by: Kacsak Kitty Seminar Leader, Group: Tom Owens, Tuesday 10. 00 am Swarovski 1. Positioning Swarovski positioning itself as a luxury fashion brand by creating a consumer experience that embodies Swarovskis brand values of innovation and modernity. They would like to position themselves as creating premium, high-quality products with many features for the high-value customers. They are working hard on the continuous innovation to be a market leader in the luxury and travelling jewellery segment. Their products are truly multifaceted and as multifaceted as that product is, so is the customer base. This gives Swarovski a unique advantage in the current economic climate to reach out to a broad spectrum of people and provide them with a luxurious yet affordable product 2. Target Group The common favour in most of the luxury and lifestyle brands is the travelling person, which is a prime marketing target group for Swarovski. Every single female consumer, from 17 to 71, in terms of buying or gift receiving is a target person for Swarovski. The company think themselves as a global and all-encompassing brand. They have targeted four major sections in the women fashion with sophisticated, business, classical and bridal collections. Very recently, they have discovered that one of their crystal pendants (Fiorella) is very successful in the children’s pages of in-flight catalogues. Originally they have not targeted this segment but it has made them aware to consider the further development of this marketing segment. Pandora 1. Positioning We will write a custom essay sample on Swarovski vs. Pandora Marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Swarovski vs. Pandora Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Swarovski vs. Pandora Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pandora designs, manufactures and markets hand-finished and modern jewellery made from genuine materials at affordable prices. High quality, hand-finished, modern and genuine jewellery products at affordable prices, thereby inspiring women to express their individuality. All women have their individual stories to tell – a personal collection of special moments that makes them who they are. That is why Pandora celebrates these moments, why they say these moments are unforgettable. 2. Target Group The brand claims its target market is the late 20s. That is where the advertising is directed. That is the age to which women are aspiring. In truth, many are much older. It is a product that appeals to all ages, we can see three generations standing in front of a Pandora window, looking at the product and all wanting the same thing. They are selling their products on a more affordable price than Swarovski, so they are providing an every day wearable product on a medium price to a wider range of females. The unique future of Pandora’s products that they are hand-made.

Martin Luther Essays - Augustinian Friars, English-language Films

Martin Luther Essays - Augustinian Friars, English-language Films Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer that had a great impact on not only religion but also on politics, economics, education and language. Martin Luther was born in the town of Eisleben, Germany, on November 10, 1483, (Encarta 1). His father Hans Luther, was a worker in the copper mines in Mansfield. His mother was Margaret. Martin grew up in a home where parents prayed faithfully to the saints and taught their children to do the same. His father and mother loved their children dearly, but were also very strict with them. Luther said, my father once whipped me so that I ran away and felt ugly toward him until he was at pains to win me back. My mother once beat me until the blood flowed, for having stolen a miserable nut. (Luther 31) When Martin was five years old, he went to school in Mansfeld, where his parents had moved about a year after he was born. The subjects taught at this school was the Ten Commandments, the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, church music, together with some Latin and arithmetic. (Catholic Encyclopedia 1) The sad part of the instruction was that Martin and his fellow pupils learned little about the love of God. They learned to know Jesus, not as the Friend of sinners, but as the Judge. They feared Jesus, but did not love him. The schoolmasters in my days were tyrants and executioners; the schools were jails and hells! And in spite of fear and misery, floggings and tremblings, nothing was learned, Luther said. (Luther 31) Despite the conditions at Mansfield, Martin learned rapidly, for he was a bright boy and studied diligently. At the age of twelve he was admitted to the Latin High School at Magdeburg, sixty miles from his home. Here, for the first time, Luther found a Bible. Most of his teachers at Magdeburg were members of the Brethren of the Common Life. This is the first place where he feels his first desire to enter into the religious community. The next year his father transferred him to a school on Eisenach, wishing him to become a lawyer. Here a young woman, Mrs. Ursala Cotta, took a special liking to him. At one time, when a group of boys was singing before her house, she invited Martin in and offered him free lodging. He accepted. He received free meals in another house where he taught a young child of the family. Luther was now free to devote more time to his studies. Since the Cotta family was a cultured family, Luther's stay in this home taught him to appreciate such things as music and art and helped him to develop especially his remarkable talent for music. By the time Luther was far enough advanced to enter the university his father had become a prosperous man. He went from being a miner to being the owner of many small foundries. He could now afford to give Martin a college education. Recognizing the gifts of his son, the father intended that his son should become a lawyer and therefore sent him to the University of Erfurt in 1501 at the age of seventeen. (Encarta 2) Here again the young student prayed and studied constantly. To increase his knowledge, Luther spent much time at the library. Discipline was as strict as it had been at Megdeberg and Eisenach. The students were awakened at 4:00 AM. Lectures began as the sun rose and continued until 5:00 PM. The first meal of the day was at 10:00 AM. The students hurried from class to class, pausing only for the briefest of conversations before the next lecture commenced, whispering quietly to each other in the required Latin, (Luther 34). In 1505 at the age of twenty-one he was awarded th e Master of Arts degree. (Encarta 2). He now had the right to teach and was able to register for a law course. To please his father, Martin remained on at the University to read law, but he soon lost interest in that subject. More and more he studied religion and worried over his sinful condition. But no matter how hard he tried to please God, he couldn't find peace of

Cohorting Colonized Low Risk Patients with MRSA and Using Universal Research Proposal

Cohorting Colonized Low Risk Patients with MRSA and Using Universal Precautions will Increase Patient Satisfaction, Improve pati - Research Proposal Example Since the aim is to cut-down the running costs of hospitals by implementation of newer method, the collection of cost-related data from hospital authorities to make comparisons is also part of this study. B. Study population i. Setting The best possible avenue for this study could be a general hospital, as the availability of multiple specialties provides an opportunity to work in a coordinated manner with all specialties who can possibly contribute to this study. A hospital with a Department of Infectious Disease will be preferred for this study. As the Department of Infectious Disease works with nearly all other departments of the hospital, its position is central in contributing not only to the hospital but also to this study. Presence of an isolation ward is mandatory for this study, due to the fact that MRSA infected cases are the subjects of this study, and they require isolation. In addition to this, a reasonable turnover of patients is also expected to be the norm of the sele cted hospital. The reason for this is the fact that, the higher the number of subjects enrolled for this study, the better will be the results. ii. Subject selection Various specialties of hospital will be informed about the ongoing study. They will be requested to report to the Infectious Disease Department, the presence of suspected cases of MRSA. These cases will then be evaluated in order to make sure they are suitable candidates for this study. A total of twenty patients will be selected from those who are being treated under contact isolation while another twenty will be selected from among those who are receiving universal precautions. Patients who are unable to communicate verbally will not be selected as subjects for this study, as this study also involves interviewing the subjects to assess their wellbeing. Mentally ill patients or children under the age of 13 will also be excluded from this study. iii. Subject recruitment strategy The subjects will be recruited from the h ospital. A clear-cut written guideline/checklist will be provided to the assisting hospital staff for the purpose of selection of candidates. Assistance will be sought from the hospital management and the hospital staff, especially doctors and nurses, who will help to identify the patients who fit the profile for the purpose of this research. Gaining assistance from hospital staff will also decrease our study cost, as the hospitals staff is often well aware of their patients’ conditions and the need to test them again for being suitable for the study-under-consideration will not exist. Willingness of patients to become part of this study will be sought after explaining to them the importance of this study, and how they can contribute to the overall wellbeing of humanity by being part of this study. The consent of each patient will be gained after explaining the purpose and scope of the study. C. Study variables i. Independent variables The independent variables for this study will include the frequency of use of universal procedures compared with the frequency of use of gloves and gowns byhospital staff in the course of their interaction with MRSA patients. These variables will help to determine the incidence of infections transmitted from MRSA patients under study to other patients and staff members in the hospital.It will include the instances where

Social Network as Facebook is Not Safe from Hackers Essay

Social Network as Facebook is Not Safe from Hackers - Essay Example Social networks such as Facebook result to the interconnection of millions of people from all over the world thus bringing diversities and similarities in close interactions. In this regard, Facebook offers an effective opportunity for people from different backgrounds to identify their similarity and therefore converge through chart rooms and groups or pages; for instance, the Facebook group of people opposed to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia is one such example of how people of similar interests converge on social media. However, this joining of different people with similar interests makes such individuals in those groups vulnerable to different forms of abuses at the same time. Hackers with ill intentions of compromising and sabotaging information communication systems have emerged and greatly undermined the reliability and security of information, and Facebook, like other communication systems, is not safe from hacker activities. Hacking refers to the unwarranted acc ess of other people’s online databases and directories; hackers are targeting personal information in personal Facebook accounts such as passwords, confidential data, secrets, among other things, with malicious intentions whose sole purpose is to harm the victims, thus breaching individual privacy on social networks. With the growing number of internet users, the highly porous nature of information systems, and features of service providers including the social networking sites that make it possible for unwanted users to access other peoples’ databases, social networks as Facebook are not safe from hackers. There are numerous reasons and explanations why Facebook is not safe from hackers; for instance, nowadays there is increasing use of social network for business transactions and advertising, even though the platform is strictly meant for personal relationships (Lu?sted 10). In this case, hackers abuse social network as businesses by stealing vital information such a s company trade secrets or operational blue prints thereby compromising the businesses. Investigations into cybercrimes are curtailed by the mere fact that the internet has transformed the world into a global village thus allowing hackers to commit crimes from any location of the world and go scot-free. Cyberspace security has also been largely compromised by the increasing internet population in addition to the aspect of anonymity that allows users to disguise themselves on social networks such as Facebook using fake account details while seeking to commit cybercrimes. New inexperienced Facebook users are particularly vulnerable to hacker attacks because they are yet to learn how to utilize the complex security features of the internet on the platform. Hackers can take advantage of the privileged personal information stolen from private accounts on Facebook to cause untold havoc and damage to personal and business relations; for instance, hackers may impersonate individuals to comm it cybercrimes or damage reputations of individuals. Perhaps the most serious consequence suffered by victims of hacking activities is the loss or destruction of vital information thereby compromising the entire systems network. Research Statistics provide evidence of the hackers and hacker activities, for instance, a recent research by the Privacy Clearing House reports indicate that over 1oo million records have been compromised since February 2005, and over 80 million cases were due to web hacking attacks. A similar research at Acunetix reports findings that about 75% of cyberspace attacks occur at the web

Educational and Cultural Experience Essay Example for Free

Educational and Cultural Experience Essay In research undertaking the methodology section is one of the crucial areas to be tackled in a proposal document. This is due to the fact that it forms the basis of the results of research findings. A research can be faced with big challenges due to a wrong choice of the method to be used. To avoid this good planning of the method is essential and more in order to get reliable results. The issue of reliability establishes that a research should have the ability to show consistency in the results even after a study is done by different researchers repeatedly. Reliability in research study can also be enhanced through good structure of the methodology. When the correct data collection methods are used, proportional samples are collected and the correct method of analysis is used in a research can achieve validity. In a research, the research problem forms the basis of research (Morgan et al. ,1980), and this is where the study should focus on. The methodology can take on either the positivist approach also known as the quantitative, or take the post positivist approach also known as the qualitative approach. The qualitative approach is a more detailed than the quantitative approach as it lays more emphasis on the finer details of the data and in most cases, it involves a researcher’s judgment and interpretation. Quantitative approach deals more with quantification like calculating the population sample, population size among others. The choice of the researcher on either the qualitative or the quantitative approach depends on whether the research/study is inclined to the natural sciences or the social sciences (Finch, 1986); (Easterby-Smith et al. 1991). 3. 1 Role of the Researcher The role of the researcher is an integral part of the evaluative process in the qualitative research. I am a certified teacher of mathematics, music and elementary education. Prior to the classroom, more than ten years were spent in insurance investigative claims work. The occupation included extensive ‘on-the-job’ training in organization, communication and interviewing skills. I was also deployed to Kuwait and Afghanistan, respectively, and have over 15 years in the United States military acquiring certain proficiency as a planner, liaison, administrator and human resource specialist. Co-operative inquiry involves at least four different kinds of epistemology; in other words, ways of knowing. Presentational knowing results from experiential knowing and provides the first form of expression through narratives and various expressions of art. Presentational knowing is expressed through ideas and theories. Practical knowing is modeling how to do something and is portrayed in a skill or competence. These epistemologies are compatible with each other. If knowing is grounded in experience, expressed through stories and images, understood through sounds ideas, and expressed in worthwhile action in one’s life, then knowing will be ‘more valid’ (Reason, 1999). 3. 2 Research Design To appropriately analyze the participant’s stories, the research will employ a narrative framework that serves as a screen through which the story of the participant may be examined. This method also becomes an avenue for which the participant may critically reflect on his own perspectives in order to construct or reconstruct meaning in his own life world. The considerable narrative analysis approach requires a level of scholarship and sensitivity which I am preparing to employ. This approach involves a human science observer that is a sensitive of the subtleties of everyday life. Ardent reading of relevant texts of the humanities, history, philosophy, anthropology and the social sciences as they pertain to the domain of interest is a main ingredient to the effectiveness of this proposed research (van Manen, 1990). For this study, the researcher actively participates in examining the experiences of a translator in the delivery of translation of language and culture amidst the socio-political challenges of the past. Qualitative research is exploratory in nature and is best suited for understanding phenomena. The approach should remain pragmatic for the researcher in order to remain in a tentative state with regard to applicable variables or desirable themes which may enable appropriate examination of the individual’s experiences. 3. 3 Data Collection Methods During my 12 month deployment as a liaison officer, I commenced amicable communication with each of the translators who accompanied me to the daily meetings. During my tenure, I engaged in many open discussions concerning cultural and social differences, nuances in communication and language disparities. After a few months, I presented some of my proposal ideas and opened discussion to the possibility of participation in a study I was contemplating. Several of the translators asked me to serve as their advocate in order to petition for the United States Special Visa. So, over the last year, many of these translators have since relocated to various communities in the United States. Both secondary and primary data sources will be used. The triangulation method of data collection will involve the use of interviews, literature review and case studies (Zikmund 2003, pp. 1-745). The primary data method that was used is the questionnaire method of data collection. Questionnaires were distributed among the Afghan officials, Liaison officers, and interpreters. There were also case studies that were conducted for other three countries to know about the experiences of interpreters in the other countries compare with the ones in Afghanistan. This also drew an insight of the various experiences of interpreters in other countries. There was the use of literature review in order gather information on the educational and cultural experiences of interpreters generally. The literature in this research included research journals, books, articles and sources from university libraries (Dick, 2000). Interviews also form pertinent component data collection methods. This enabled the getting of a clear picture of the plight and livelihood of Afghan interpreter, their mode of operations, factors affecting them and future predictions on their cultural and educational experiences. The four categories of quality management in research were highly considered. They include; validity, reliability, ethics and rigor (Zikmund, 2003). Reliability of a research is its ability to have consistence in results. This was done through controlling the sample by stratifying the population to get a more representative sample. Validity is the ability of a scale to measure what it is intended to measure but not going beyond the topic of the study. The triangulation method was used to control this aspect in research. Ethics involves adherence to the norms accepted in gathering of information. This was ensured by providing secrecy on the information collected from the subjects. The rigor of the research was directed towards efficient sample size in a critical facet in any investigation. The main purpose a researcher will utilize a sample is to reduce the charges and collect important data faster (Zikmund, 2003). The key purpose of data collection was to ensure a rich set of description was obtained. To achieve this, the interviews were transcribed in real time by the interviewer. The responses were then reduced and analyzed by adopting principles of data codification and clustering (Miles et al, 1994). 3. 4 Sources Researches normally rely on secondary data to enable them gain initial insight into the research problem. The classification of secondary sources of information is on the basis of internal or external sources referring to information acquired within the organization or outside the organization. The secondary sources are liked for their cost saving aspects and time saving. Secondary sources of information are supposed to be searched prior to conducting primary research, and usually for the literature review section of a research. This is because secondary information provides useful background that identifies main questions and all other issues that will need to be tackled by the primary research (Steppingstones, 2004). The disadvantages that are associated with the use of the secondary sources range from the unavailability of pertinent information on the research topic, to the integrity, accuracy, and reliability of some secondary sources. Other disadvantages associated with secondary sources arise where data is available in a format other than that required by a researcher, and the age of the information particularly where the information is several years old and may not reflect the present circumstances. This makes it necessary to limit secondary information to sources which are not more than six years old (Steppingstones, 2004). The data gathered for this research is from a wide range of documentary sources relating to the cultural and educational experiences of interpreters in general as well as those specifically relating to the plight and livelihood of the Afghan interpreters. These mainly included policy documents, academic and the non-academic documents. First, journals on livelihood of Afghan interpreters were searched. Second, electronic databases were searched using key words like ‘interpreters’, ‘translators’ ‘Afghan interpreters’ and ‘experiences of Afghan interpreters’. Third, Afghan government website for International communication and the website for the International Security Assistance Force were searched. Literature review included both conceptual and empirical works with about 25 articles reviewed for this study. 3. 5 Interviews Interviews in a research are useful in getting information behind a participant’s experiences. This is particularly important because an interviewer may be able to pursue in-depth information regarding the topic of study, and also the fact that interviews serve as follow-ups to responses obtained from questionnaires. Qualitative research interview should seek to give a description and meaning of central themes regarding the experiences of the subjects, by seeking to cover both the factual and meaning level. It was important that a guided interview approach was adopted so as to ensure that same general areas of information are gathered from each interviewee (Valenzuela et al. , 2004). The interviews dwelt on the following areas: †¢ Educational and cultural background of interpreters. †¢ The relationship between educational background and cultural background of the afghan interpreters. †¢ How the educational and cultural backgrounds shape the livelihood and experiences of the afghan interpreters. †¢ What the future hold for the afghan interpreters and their plight given the limited educational background as well as the rigid cultural backgrounds. Once the data is collected through the open-ended interview process, the documents will be transcribed. After transcription, to ensure a correct analysis of the data, the participant will be shown the transcription and asked if what is written is aligned with their viewpoints. The data will then be analyzed from the transcription. Qualitative research is exploratory in nature and is best suited for understanding phenomena. The approach should remain pragmatic for the researcher in order to remain in a tentative state with regard to applicable variables or desirable themes which may enable appropriate examination of the individual’s experiences.