Research Proposal on Traffic Congestion Essay Example

Research Proposal on Traffic Congestion Essay The term â€Å"traffic congestion† (traffic jam) denotes a strong faltering or stalled traffic flow on a road. One of the reasons for this is too high a number of vehicles per unit time (or per length). The causes of a traffic congestion, however, cannot be explained. Congestion – even those on waterways, railroad tracks, airports or in space – are a subject of research in transportation science. Transportation experts distinguish between â€Å"traffic jam† and â€Å"traffic congestion.† In Switzerland, for example, traffic jam is when the traffic flows at least less than 10 km/hr for a minute. If the velocity is in the range between 10 and 30 km/hr, one can speak of congested traffic. Typically, the capacity of a road is 1500 to 2500 vehicles per hour per lane. Such capacity can vary, for example by unfavorable weather such as rain, snow, or ice, and ineffective behavior of road users, for example by curiosity. This can cause jams out of nowhere, where the cause remains hidden from the road users even after the end of the jam, (as opposed to an accident in which you can see the cause when passing the scene of the accident). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Traffic Congestion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Traffic Congestion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Traffic Congestion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A locally reduced capacity of the traffic by events such as lane closures due to road works or accidents and lane constrictions favoring further traffic jam formation. The narrowing of the traffic route can also be called a bottleneck. However, an increased volume of traffic may be responsible for congestion. Reasons for this may be rush hour traffic (especially at the beginning and at the end of vacation and usually heavy traffic in tourist areas) and major events. By means of permanently installed sensors on the highway, the traffic flow is measured objectively. Only the left lane is monitored because the parameters distance and speed on the other tracks can be blocked due to the traffic density in the left lane. The sensors are located on average every 4 km, so here are a total of 4000 sensors in use. Warning of road users is done with the help of danger signs (Z 124), or by the display of texts. In addition, speed limits can be arranged. Congestion warning systems have mostly an automatic detection and come gantries in the form of variable message signs are used. Traffic reports are read in traffic and sent via TMC (Traffic Message Channel) in the non-audible range of the FM signal in digital form. However, the TMC area is very narrow, so all messages are transmitted only about every fifteen minutes. Moreover, since it often happens that a receiver missed a message, the reception of the TMC message may be considerably delayed. Traffic reports on TMC can be received and processed by navigation systems. Traffic reports are published in the teletext and the Internet from different providers. Furthermore, they can be queried individually via mobile phones. For this purpose, the location of the inquirer is automatically located and queried more information route. Use free example research proposal on traffic congestion to learn more on the topic. NOTE!!! All free sample research proposals and examples on Traffic Congestion are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

Chicken Flight essays

Chicken Flight essays A chickens wing size in proportion to its body is very small compared to other birds. Supporting this idea is the evidence found in the lab measurements that were made last week: the chickens leg alone weighed approximately 215 g, where as a single wing weighed only 72 g. If the weight of a chicken is estimated and compared to the wing, then it is evident that a wing with so little muscle and mass could not support the massive weight of the chicken. Chickens also cant fly because of heart complications. The heart is essential to flight because it provides oxygen to the muscles that will be used. When one has a small heart in comparison with their body, movement must be minimized as to not strain the heart.. The proportion of heart size to body mass is naturally larger in birds (.8%) than in mammals (.6%) because of the endurance the heart needs to fly. Although similarities do exist, the chickens heart is much different than that of the Humans. Chickens have a very high metabolic rate where as humans have a medium one. A chickens heart can beat up to 300 beats per minute. The kind of muscle present in the wings of the chicken is also a major factor in their lack of ability to fly. White meat signifies the absence of major exercise, while dark meat shows constant exercise. In the domesticated chicken, which mostly sits and walks around, the dark meet is found in the leg and thigh area, whereas the white meat is in the wings (Lab). The absence of dark meat in the wing area is another indicator that chickens lack the necessities to fly because they are deficient in the muscles they need. ...

Kanzas City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kanzas City - Essay Example t the OPC overstates compensation expenses by expensing bonuses in the year in which they are paid and states that bonuses are part of compensation package and should be divided equally throughout the player’s contract period for accounting purposes. However, the OPC is right in using the above manner because the deferred compensation should only be expensed when players earn it, that is, it is an expected expense for the OPC (Palepu, Healy, & Bernard, 2007). The OPC is right to because bonus depreciation is a legal process available to all businesses and it allows firms to deduct an extra depreciation expense for the qualifying item, which is taken right away in the year that the item in question is put in use (IRS, 2013). It is a method of accelerated depreciation used on new items only. Nonetheless, the process creates a loophole in valuation by helping businesses to make tax losses thus raises concern for the PBPA. The above expense is associated with the salaries paid to players who no longer provide services to the team but whose contracts with the team have not expired. The OPC is right to expense the whole amount in one year because the affected players do not contribute to the team’s current revenues. Corporate financial reporting uses accrual as opposed to cash accounting where expected cash outflows from economic transactions are recognized as expenses when computing the net income (Palepu & Healy, 2012). Accrual accounting fills the gap left by cash accounting when closing accounting books since the latter does not report full economic repercussions of transactions undertaken in a certain period and gives incomplete information about a firm’s periodic performance. Since the stadium’s owners are also shareholders in Zephyrs, then it is possible that the rent could be overcharged given that managers can use disclosure policies that make it difficult for external users to discover the firm’s true economic picture and such overlapping revenues

Hucksters in the Classroom Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hucksters in the Classroom - Case Study Example In drawing a one to one relationship between education and business, a number of moral issues arise. Chief among these and as pointed out by Saddler (2011) is the treatment of school going children as a means to an end. This means that the purpose of commercial activities in schools is not to better education but to boost profits for corporations. Commercial intrusion in schools alters the purpose and nature of education, which is meant to empower an individual in making the sound judgment (Sharma, 2012). Sharma further notes that education is meant to bring out qualities that are locked within an individual and not impress values upon them. Contrary to this, commercial intrusion in schools aims at creating brand loyalty in the children, and not to empower them to exercise the power of choice. It would only be right to conclude that students do have a â€Å"moral right† to receive an education that is free from commercial indoctrination. This is more so the case considering that promotion of commercial indoctrination undermines the sole aim of education, which is to empower an individual to practice independently of making choices (Sharma, 2012). If I was a parent of school-aged children I would be concerned about their exposure to commercial and corporate propaganda. This is because as a parent I would have enough reasons to be concerned over the welfare of my child. Having held the school as an environment where my children will be free from the reach of such exploitative activities, as a parent I would feel uneasy with the position which my school going child is put by being exposed to commercial and corporate propaganda. In the event that I take on the role of a board member in a school, I would be faced with the task of making a decision regarding the type of promotional method to be used in the school. As per the options, of either taking on industry-sponsored materials or channel one, I would opt for the industry-sponsored materials. This method does not employ  activities that are farfetched from the school curriculum.   

Reconstruction era of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reconstruction era of the United States - Essay Example Therefore, reconstruction witnessed changes that were far-reaching in the political life of America, which included developing new laws and amending the constitution, which later altered both the federal system and what people defined as American citizen. Republican Party was brought to power in the Southern part of America thereby redefining government responsibilities. Origin of reconstruction in the US During reconstruction period, the greatest American Negros led in asserting themselves of African Americans’ development and enjoyment of equal rights (Le Blanc 2010, p.96). President sparked reconstruction plan in 1863 in the form of ten percent plan to be implemented by the congress. This plan had one-tenth of pre-war voters taking an oath in order to establish a state government in order to weaken Confederacy. The plan went into operation in several parts of the Union-occupied Confederacy although it did not achieve much support from the locals. Wade Davis Bill that was en forced in 1864 delayed plans of forming the Southern government and in place made many voters take loyalty oath; this bill on equality of the slaves accompanying Southern government into Union convinced some Republicans. Lincoln later expressed his views of the blacks, being intelligent and serving in the Union Army had the right to enjoy their right to vote. Reconstruction in the Presidency After the assassination of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson took the presidency and began to work on Presidential reconstruction by pardoning Southern whites while restoring their rights politically and assets except for the slaves. President Johnson outlined how the new state governments are going to be created, abolished slavery, implemented repudiation of secession, and abrogated the debts of Confederate. On the other hand, Confederacy enacted the law requiring all African Americans to sign labour contracts on a yearly basis hence limiting the economic options of the freed slaves, this law only did a reestablishment of plantation discipline; it was strongly resisted by African Americans. Senator Charles and Thaddeus Stevens who was a representative suggested establishing Southern government based on equity of the law. The Civil Acts Rights 1875 was to protect all Americans regardless of race and all would have access to public facilities (Smith and Wynn 2009, p.165). Moreover, the Congress did not seat all the elected representatives and senators, and in place passed the Civil rights bill and Freemen’s Bureau, which was to oversee transition of slaves to freemen. This bill gave a definition of an American Citizen as a person born in the US and has the right to enjoy equality before the law of the land. Johnson rejected this bill after several personal stubbornness, racists’ convictions and beliefs in states’ rights. The rejection of this bill created rapture between Johnson and the Congress making Civil rights Act to become law over presidential veto. Theref ore, the government was able to guarantee Americans equity to all regardless of gender or colour. Radical Reconstruction in the US After the congress elections of 1866, the congress begun reconstruction afresh and by 1867, Reconstruction Act was enacted and through this act, the South was divided into five military districts, outlining how the governments will be enacted. All the former Confederate were readmitted in 1870 and almost all of them were under the control of Republican Party. During this time, the black

Case Study: Britannia Industries

Case Study: Britannia Industries In 2007, Britannia, one of the Indias largest biscuit brands held a market share of 38% in terms of value. Indian biscuit industry, the third largest producer of the biscuits in the world was highly under-penetrated. This presented numerous growth opportunities to new as well as existing players. Apart from the presence of big players like ITC Foods and Parle, the local manufacturers of biscuits and other Indian snacks had been raising concerns for Britannia. Besides competition, Britannia faced critical challenges due to declining margins in the biscuit industry due to the increasing costs of raw materials. Its profit had been on a decline since 2005. Though Britannia had forayed into dairy and bakery products, 90% of its revenues still came from its core business in biscuits category which was largely driven by product innovation. (www.ibscds.com) A Britannia industry limited is successful Indian company since 1892, started in India with initial investment of Rs.295. this company is very well known for its biscuits (Britannia Tiger). Britannia is one of the largest biscuits selling company and leading biscuit firm of India with estimated 38% market share. (www.britannia.co.in) In 1997, Britannia jumped into dairy product market with its two new products (Processed Cheese Dairy Whitener), In 2002, Britannias New Business Division namely Britannia Milkman formed a joint venture with Fonterra, the worlds second largest Dairy Company, and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Ltd. was born. (www.wadiagroup.com) The company is a growing and profitable one. Between 1998 and 2001, the companys sales grew at a compound annual rate of 16 per cent against the market, and operating profits reached 18 per cent. More recently, the company has been growing at 27 per cent a year, compared to the industrys growth rate of 20 per cent. At present, 90 per cent of Britannias annual revenue of Rs2,200 crore comes from biscuits. (www.wikipidia.com) and Dairy Product gives almost 10% revenue to Britannia. N.P.I. approach Britannia Dairy Products targets specially in urban areas of the country. It is less popular in rural areas and rarely available. They believe to sell quality products thats why they have slogan Eat Healthy, Think Better because the one common threat emerged in recent times has been shift in lifestyles and a corresponding awareness of health. People are increasingly becoming conscious of dietary care. They targeted in urban area because their products are little bit expensive than their competitive products but with good quality and wide range of products, with their products more of the upper middle class families targeted, especially those are food loving and want healthy, so they give healthy, nutritious, optimistic and combining it with a delightful product range to offer verity and choice to consumers. The above products present the approach that has been adopted in order to introduce and manufacture the different verity. Britannia generates $722.55 million revenue this year (2009-10). Britannia dairy firm was de-licensed in 1991 with given a reasons to encourage private investment and flow of capital and new technology in the segment. MMPO (Milk and Milk Products Order) regulates milk and milk products production in country. this was like there was no permission to handle more than 10,000 to 75,000 litres of liquid milk par day or solid milk up to 500 tonnes per annum this license was given by the state government but they were handling more than75,000 litres of liquid milk and 500 to 3750 tonnes of solid milk per year, so the firm had to registered with the central government. (www.aavinmilk.com) Britannia New Zealand Food Pvt Ltd was trying to pay attention on cheese product to expand their market because at that time in India this was at its worst condition with 5% only. Where the joint venture company already cornered with 45% of 450 crore. In the cheese market this was the rapid growth they seen before, because last year this was growing with 5% but now this is growing with 12%. The market of cheese in India is estimated at almost 9000 tonnes and is rapidly increasing with 15% per year, because cheese is mainly used in cities or in metro cities. This shows that only in four main metro cities cheese consume more than 50% of consumption. They have got a very tough competition with their other business rivals amul, Dabon international, vijaya this was creating competition tougher day by day. But Britannia was having their own customers with pride. Britannia has faced this threat reasonably well over the past one year, without a visible impact on its financial performance. The proposed foray by Nestle India and Hindustan Lever into confectionery and dairy products. Business strategy (2007-08) Britannia strategy is simple to get more people to buy enjoy more of their brands anytime, anywhere everyday. Britannias performance in 2007-08 was strong, with a sales growth 17.5 per cent, besides a 27.5 per cent growth in the previous year, adding Rs 800 crore of incremental revenue during this period (total revenue for 2007-08 was Rs 2,617 crore). Britannia is among the fastest growing FMCG companies in the last two years. Its net profit increased by 77.5 per cent and operating margin by 307 basis points to 7.5 per cent in 2007-08, despite inflation in key commodities by 20-25 per cent in the last two years. In a survey conducted by AC Nielsen ORG-Marg, consumers voted brand Britannia among the Top 10 most trusted brands across categories for the fifth successive year. It was also rated as the second most trusted food brand in 2008 and first in 2007. It was rated as the seventh most trusted brand across all categories in 2008. Consistent with its credo of swasth khao, tan man jagao, Britannia created a partnership with Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and the Naandi Foundation to supply iron fortified Tiger biscuits to supplement the mid-day meal programme in schools. This has been recognised as a unique programme globally by GAIN. The World Bank Institute has written a case study and Britannia was invited to make a commitment to the Clinton Global Initiative, a non-partisan catalyst for action that brings together a community of global leaders to devise and implement solutions for some of the worlds pressing challenges like nutrition. (www.alibaba.com)

Zeus Obstacle :: essays research papers

One of the greatest goddesses who lived atop mount Olympus was the goddess Athena. Athena was known as being the goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, and industry, Furthermore; she aided many desperate warriors on their journeys, and for this she is considered very just. With all of her contributions to the race of man such as the olive, the ability to tame the horse, and her creation of the potters wheel, she was greatly admired by humans. Athena was a very thoughtful and intelligent goddess, very rarely did she become angered, and more often thought of a solution, which was beneficial rather than vengeful. She was also one of the three virgin goddesses; she withheld her appetite for love and kept her chastity. With many sources of evidence, it is clear that Athena was one of the greatest of all gods and goddesses, her intellect, moral values, and great gifts to humanity put her atop any other goddess in respect to popularity in Greek culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athena had one of the strangest births of any of the gods. Out of the many gods and goddesses, who lived atop mount Olympus, Zeus reigned above them all. He was the most powerful and strongest of all the gods and goddesses, even if you combined all of their attributes together, they still were no match for Zeus and his dominance, It is no surprise that a god this great should need no woman to bear offspring at the level of the gods. Zeus was told by mother earth and father sky that him, and his wife metis would bare children, which would jeopardize his position as ruler of everything. With this foretold conclusion, Zeus decided to swallow Metis who was about to give birth, and in so gaining her intelligence and wisdom. It is said however, that the result of metis being eaten were Zeus' tremendous headaches. Hephaestus had the solution to these headaches, an axe, the result of the axe and Zeus' skull was that Athena sprang out, fully-grown and Armored. Athena had b een given a numerous amount of traits from her mother, more over; the main qualities were wisdom and justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of her passion for war and battle, Athena was the protector of those who were brave and valorous. One of the many stories, which include a warrior receiving help from Athena, was Perseus. In his quest to kill the gorgon medusa, Athena gave Perseus his most helpful tool, a great shield in which he could view the reflection of the monster (anyone who looked directly into her gaze would be turned to stone).